Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has been on the path to European Union (EU) membership for years, but progress has been slow. While the country was granted candidate status in 2022, it is still waiting for accession negotiations to begin. Political instability, weak rule of law, and economic challenges continue to delay its European future.
One of the biggest obstacles is the ongoing political crisis in Republika Srpska (RS). The entity’s leadership, particularly Milorad Dodik, RS president, has repeatedly challenged the country’s unity, raising concerns in Brussels. His push for more autonomy—and at times even secessionist rhetoric—has created instability that makes EU accession difficult. Political deadlocks between RS and the central government in Sarajevo have delayed crucial reforms. The EU has condemned actions that threaten BiH’s territorial integrity but has been reluctant to impose stronger sanctions. Without resolving these tensions, BiH’s progress toward the EU will remain stalled.
At the same time, the EU has repeatedly stressed the need for BiH to strengthen its judiciary and fight corruption. Courts and prosecutors are often seen as politically influenced, and efforts to enforce anti-corruption laws have been weak. Without a fair and independent judicial system, BiH cannot meet EU standards. The country has also struggled with economic reforms. High unemployment, political interference in the economy, and a slow-moving private sector are key issues. Many young professionals continue to leave in search of better opportunities, further weakening BiH’s long-term prospects.
Despite these challenges, the EU remains committed to BiH’s accession. Through the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), the EU continues to provide financial aid to support development and reforms. However, there is increasing frustration in Brussels over BiH’s inability to move forward. The broader geopolitical situation, including the war in Ukraine and EU enlargement strategies, has added urgency to the Western Balkans’ accession process. Yet, the EU expects BiH to take serious steps in resolving its internal divisions before negotiations can begin.
The future of BiH’s EU accession depends on its leaders’ willingness to implement reforms and maintain stability. If BiH manages to resolve political conflicts and implement key reforms, the EU may open accession talks within this year. However, if the current situation persists, BiH risks being left behind while other Western Balkan countries move ahead. In the worst-case scenario, increased political tensions could further stall the process, making EU membership an even more distant goal.
As 2025 unfolds, Bosnia and Herzegovina remains stuck, waiting for EU negotiations to start. While candidate status was a step forward, the country must do more to earn a place in the European Union. The ongoing political crisis in Republika Srpska, weak rule of law, and slow economic reforms are holding BiH back. The EU remains a strong partner, but the responsibility to move forward lies with BiH’s political leaders. Without real change, EU accession will remain out of reach.
